Terry v. Ohio Stop & Frisk
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Holding: Yes. The Court held that a police officer may stop a person based on reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activi…
Terry stop reasonable suspicion stop and frisk 4th amendment pat-down
Graham v. Connor Use of Force
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)
Holding: Claims of excessive force must be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment's 'objective reasonableness' standard, not the Fou…
use of force excessive force objective reasonableness 4th amendment Graham factors
Miranda v. Arizona Miranda & Interrogation
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
Holding: Yes. Prior to custodial interrogation, police must warn suspects: (1) they have the right to remain silent; (2) anything…
Miranda custodial interrogation right to remain silent 5th amendment suppression
Mapp v. Ohio Search & Seizure
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)
Holding: Yes. The Court held that the exclusionary rule applies to state criminal prosecutions through the Fourteenth Amendment. …
exclusionary rule 4th amendment search warrant suppression fruit of poisonous tree
People v. De Bour Stop & Frisk
People v. De Bour, 40 N.Y.2d 210 (1976)
Holding: The Court established a four-level framework for police-citizen encounters in New York, each requiring progressively mor…
De Bour four levels New York stop police encounter founded suspicion
People v. Hollman Stop & Frisk
People v. Hollman, 79 N.Y.2d 181 (1992)
Holding: A common-law inquiry (De Bour Level 2) requires 'founded suspicion that criminal activity is afoot' — more than the mere…
De Bour drug courier profile founded suspicion subway transit
People v. Moore Stop & Frisk
People v. Moore, 6 N.Y.3d 496 (2006)
Holding: The Court held that the combination of the waistband adjustment, the officer's experience seeing others carry guns in wa…
reasonable suspicion waistband high crime area officer experience Terry stop
Heien v. North Carolina Search & Seizure
Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54 (2014)
Holding: Yes. The Court held that a stop can be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment even if it turns out to be based on a mista…
mistake of law reasonable mistake 4th amendment traffic stop objective reasonableness
Atwater v. City of Lago Vista Weapons & Arrest
Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 (2001)
Holding: No. The Fourth Amendment does not forbid a warrantless arrest for even a very minor criminal offense. If an officer has …
probable cause warrantless arrest minor offense seatbelt misdemeanor arrest
New York v. Belton Search & Seizure
New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454 (1981)
Holding: Yes — at the time. The Court held that when police arrest an occupant of an automobile, they may search the passenger co…
search incident to arrest vehicle search automobile 4th amendment SITA
Arizona v. Gant Search & Seizure
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009)
Holding: No. The Court limited Belton, holding that the Fourth Amendment allows a vehicle search incident to arrest only when: (1…
Arizona v. Gant search incident to arrest vehicle search 4th amendment Belton
People v. Feingold NY State Law
People v. Feingold, 7 N.Y.3d 288 (2006)
Holding: The Court held that depraved indifference murder requires that the defendant have an 'utter disregard for the value of h…
depraved indifference murder People v. Feingold recklessness A-I felony
People v. Goetz NY State Law
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Holding: The Court held that New York's justification defense has both a subjective AND objective component: the defendant must (…
justification self-defense reasonable belief People v. Goetz subway
Tennessee v. Garner Use of Force
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Holding: No. The Court held that the use of deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon is an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth…
deadly force fleeing felon Tennessee v. Garner 4th amendment use of force